Independent variables, dependent variables, t-tests, anovas, experiments, between subjects, within subjects, confounds…confused? You won’t be after you watch this week’s video episode. Learn research methods in psychology the fun way - by choosing an interesting topic. In this video I explain the basic concepts of research while examining the effect of gray hair on credibility. More fun than…let me think…well, trust me, it’ll be interesting.

Resources for This Episode

• The web site where you can change your appearance by mixing your photo with celebrities is called Hairmixer.

Notes

• Independent Variable: the variable you manipulate (”type of hair” in this example).

• Dependent Variable: the variable you measure (”credibility” in this example).

• Operational Definition: the exact data that you will collect. In this example, a subject’s rating on a 1 to 10 credibility scale is my operational definition of credibility.

Related Episodes

• Why Do Statistics Make Us So Queasy?

• Check out episode 3 in which I discuss hypotheses and Popper’s important concept of falsifiability.

• Looking for more fun with research? Check out my episode on how consumer researcher’s carefully watch your behavior in the grocery store.

• If you want to review many of the psychological research terms mentioned in this episode, check the “the mappr” - an audio review program I wrote.

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What do psychologists think about the effects of violent video games and violence in the media on viewers? Does it lead people to be more aggressive? More violent? Or is it the other way around - that aggressive people are drawn to violent media? We explore this question in this episode along with taking a close look at the classic “Bobo” doll study that was conducted by Albert Bandura. And we throw in a little James Bond along the way.

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Resources For This Episode

• Here’s the article that appeared in the Stanford News Service which announces the Grawemeyer Award that was given to Albert Bandura.
• Albert Bandura’s website.
• Here’s a version of Bandura’s original article on the effects of observing aggressive models which I found on Google Scholar.
• Forty Studies that Changed Psychology: Explorations into the History of Psychological Research
• Bully
• Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror
• The Rodney Atkins - Watching You video on YouTube

Here’s the video from YouTube called “Watching You”:


Technorati: bobo doll study, albert bandura, video game violence, violence in the media, media violence, classic bobo doll study

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 Episode 37: The Effects of Video Game and Media Violence [27:44m]: Play Now | Play in Popup | Download

Popularity: 54% [?]

Everyone thinks critical thinking is a great thing. I don’t disagree, but how about a little open mindedness? I take a look at last week’s episode on energy medicine and discuss being critical, the scientific method and remaining open to those matters we cannot access through the scientific method.

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Do feel slightly uncomfortable in the bathroom? How does the presence of others in the bathroom affect you? What about places other than the bathroom? How close is too close? A psychological study was done in 1976 in which psychology researchers hid in men’s bathrooms to observe…well, you’ll find out. Learn more about personal space in this episode of The Psych Files.
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The article discussed in this episode:

Middlemist, R. D., Knowles, E. S. & Matter, C.F. (1976). Personal Space Invasions in the Lavatory: Suggestive Evidence for Arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33 (5), 541-546.

Watch this episode from NPR video on personal space in Second Life: “Avatar gender and personal space invasion anxiety level in desktop collaborative virtual environments.”

Helpful Links:

Shy Bladder website
Paruresis website

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Psychological Research in your life: does your local grocery store know more about you than you do? We take a look at the research that’s been done to learn more about your behavior in the supermarket and how that information is used to get you to buy more than you planned for.

Click to listen to this episode and learn more about how psychological research is used in your life.

From the MSN article “15 Ways Stores trick you into spending”

Read this article to find out more details on how observational research is used to design grocery stores.

• Shopping Carts: they are large and tend to be right near the entrance to entice you to use them
• Toys: far from the entrance
• The most expensive versions of items are at eye level while bulk options are at the bottom
• Items that are not on sale are arranged to look like they are on sale (placed at the end of the isle with a large sign)
• Commodity items, like socks, are surrounded by non-commodity items, like shirts and jeans (for example, peanut butter and jelly are placed near each other)
• There usually isn’t a section where inexpensive items are placed all together - inexpensive items are placed among expensive ones
• “Stores are designed to maximize the number of stops you have to make” because you buy when you stop
• Restrooms are placed far from the entrance to force you to go past things you might buy

From the article “The Theory of Supermarkets”

The New York Times Magazine, March 10, 1996

• The stock of your typical store (10 years ago) held about 30,000 items - tough competition among all these products
• have you noticed that the first thing you see when you walk in the door is produce? This is done to give you the idea of freshness and “bounty”. Notice also the colors, the water that rains down on the celery, etc. Gets you “in the mood” Other supermarkets begin with flowers
• Butchers have no blood on them because research has shown that this turns customers off (bloodier activities take place in the back)
• Cart behavior: when you turn the cart in one direction, you tend to look in the other direction. So, if we can steer you just right through the isles, we can put “specials” on the “strong side”
• you will buy more soup if it is not in alphabetical order
• store labels are always to the left of popular brands. Why? like reading, after your eye is caught be a familiar label, you tend to look left next. so, put the store brand on the left of the popular brand.
• The best viewing angle: the average eye height of a woman is 59 inches and a man: 64 inches, so 15 degrees below horizontal (51 to 53 inches off the floor)
• by the way, when you examine a shelf you’re likely to stand 4 feet away.
• background music: slow it down to about 60 beats/min and your cart will slow down as well and you’re more likely to see things you might purchase. classical music gives your products a higher degree of perceived value:
• play classical in the background - barnes and noble/ new agey
• play upbeat - clothes stores
• play rock - music stores, etc.
• Cereal arranged by type (flakes, brans) rather than by brand will decrease sales
• Also on cereal: make it difficult to compare them: create different size boxes, and call them by different names (Apple Cinnamon or Honey Nut) and it makes it diffiuclt to compare.

Other research:

• The smell of cucumber makes a room feel larger, while the smell of barbeque makes it feel smaller
• Lavender smell is relaxing
• Red colors tend to draw you physically closer

How to fight back?

• Use a list
• Don’t come hungry
• Don’t use a shopping cart unless you need to
• At the checkout re-think everything you put into your cart
• Start at the back and work forward
• Look at the bottom shelf first
• Carry a calculator
• If you don’t know for sure that something is a good deal don’t buy it (it’s probably not a good deal and you’re being tricked into thinking it might be)

Musical Resources

The classical guitar music you hear throughout the podcast is performed by David Temple and used by permission. You can go to David’s website by clicking here.

Rock Music: “Moonscape” by 37Hz. Click here to go to the site for 37Hz on Podsafe Music.

Upbeat Music: “If there was no people” from Chachi On Acid. Click here to go to their site in the Podsafe Music site.

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Popularity: 47% [?]

In this video episode we look at what your bowling style says about you and about human nature in general. And by the way, why do you keep pressing that elevator button?

Watch episode 11 showing how principles of behaviorism can explain your bowling style. Click the video below.

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Resources for this episode

• Go to the book Forty Studies that Changed Psychology: Explorations into the History of Psychological Research at Amazon.
• Watch a great video on YouTube which shows how the principles of behaviorism were used to train a parakeet to play golf and basketball.

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It's the beginning of the year and it seems like everyone is making predictions. How about this one: people with large brains are smarter than people with small brains. Don't believe it? Neither do we. Find out why this prediction is hogwash and what makes for good and bad predictions.

Click to hear episode 3 on Popper’s thoughts on how hypotheses must be falsifiable

This episode talks a bit about one of the first (and very crude) attempts to understand intelligence. The topic of intelligence is fascinating and here is a link to a fascinating talk by Sir Ken Robinson about our need to redefine the concept of intelligence and how important creativity will be in our world. Great podcast.
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Popularity: 38% [?]